Glimpses of Symmetry

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Glimpses of Symmetry

Reflections on the Mathematics underpinning the Standard Model of Particle Physics

by Peter James Thomas

For Jennifer, Charlotte & Beatrice
with whom I form my own Special Unitary Group.

Author’s Note

This book is currently a work-in-progress. In case you stumble across it, please note that Chapters whose titles are italicised and appear in square brackets below (for example [Chapter 12 Mont Évariste]) are either incomplete or, in some cases, not yet started.

 
PART I – IN THE BEGINNING
  Foreword
Chapter 1  Introduction
– The Symmetry of Reality
PART II – FIRST STEPS
Chapter 2  What is a Group?
– A Collective Noun
– Setting a Good Example
– Smooth Operators
– The Formal Answer to “What is a Group?”
– In Addition it May be Noted…
– Modular Arithmetic
– The Symmetry Angle
Chapter 3  Shifting Shapes
– Let’s Get Physical
– Turning Triangles
– On Further Reflection…
– Movers and Shakers
– Turtles all the Way Down
– Cavorting Cubes
PART III – EXTENDING THE CONCEPT OF NUMBER
Chapter 4  Rationality and Reality
– Multiplying the Multitude
– Divide and Conquer
– A Magic Mirror
– Expanding our Horizons
Chapter 5  Tabular Amasser
– The Matrix is Everywhere
– What have Matrices ever done for us?
– Laying our Cards on the Table
– The Perennial Question
Chapter 6  Matrix Revolutions
– Turning the Tables
– Direction of Travel
– Generic Gyrations
– From Dihedral to Orthogonal
– Moveable Mirrors
Chapter 7  Imaginary Battleships
– Mare Complexionis, The Sea of Complexity
– Fleet Manoeuvres
– ‘Fessing Up
– The Complex Numbers as a Group
– amo, amas, amat…
– The Sign of the Four
PART IV – GROUP DECOMPOSITION
Chapter 8  Simplicity
– Subsets and Subgroups
– Exceptions to the Rule
– Primed for Action
Chapter 9  Normality
– What Passes for Normal Round Here
– The Deciding Factor
– Subgroups and Cosets
– Using Cosets to Create Quotient Groups
Chapter 10  Profundity
– A Simple Algorithm
– The Quotient Group of a Maximal Normal Subgroup
– Multiplication Redux
PART V – SOLUTIONS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Chapter 11  Root of the Problem
– Many Names, Many Numbers
– Roots of Unity
– From Algebra to Geometry…
– From Geometry to Trigonometry…
– From Trigonometry to Group Theory…
[Chapter 12  Mont Évariste]
– TBC
PART VI – UNITARY & SPECIAL UNITARY GROUPS
Chapter 13  First Contact – U(1)
– To Infinity and Beyond…
– Grandes Complications
– 1 × 1 is Complex…
– U(1), SO(2) and Isomorphism
Chapter 14  Determination – U(2) & SU(2)
– 2 × 2 is more Complex…
– The Shape of Things U(2) Come
– U(2) Can be a Group
– Singular Determination
– SU(2) a Worked Example
– A Study in Quartet
PART VII – VECTOR SPACES & VECTORS
Chapter 15  It’s Space Jim…
– The Red Arrows
– How do we Group Vectors?
– Tipping the Scales
– Being Productive
Chapter 16  …But not as we know it
– Pastures New
– The Nature of Space (not Time)
– Back to Bases
– Exempli Locis
Chapter 17  Matrices Redux
– More Marvellous Matrix Multiplications
– Establishing Ownership
– A Good Characteristic
– Eigenlob für Eigenvalues
PART VIII – LIE ALGEBRAS & LIE GROUPS
Chapter 18  The Lie of the Land
– Getting Crotchety
– Crossing Space
– Skews me!
– A Singularly Uncommon Algebra?
– Without a Trace
Chapter 19  Making Connections
– su(2)
– su(3)
– u(1)
– As Smooth as Silk
– Going off on a Tangent
Chapter 20  Power to Truth
– There and Back Again
– What difference does it make?
– In Summary
– Euling the Wheels
[Chapter 21  SU(3) and the Meaning of Lie]
– SU(3) Unmasked
– Putting a New Spin on Things
– The Journey of a Thousand Miles…
– TBC
PART IX – TBD
[Chapter 22  The Final Frontier]
– TBC
[Chapter 23  Placeholder]
– TBC
PART X – CLOSING THOUGHTS
  [Epilogue]
  Acknowledgements
  About the Author
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Text: © Peter James Thomas 2016-17.
Images: © Peter James Thomas 2016-17, unless stated otherwise.
Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.